Imiterere y’amashyaka mbere na nyuma y’ubwigenge

Mbere y’itanga ry’Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa, ihirikwa ry’ingoma ya murumuna we Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, impinduramatwara yo mu 1959, n’ingirwa-bwigenge yo mu 1962, mu Rwanda hahoze amashyirahamwe yari agamije guharanira inyungu zitandukanye zirimo iz’uturere abayashinze bakomokagamo.

Nyuma ariko ayo mashyirahamwe yaje kwitwa amashyaka ya politike guhera mu 1958 kugeza mu 1965 bitewe na politike y’abakoloni ya ‘mbatanye-mbayobore’ yari imaze gushinga imizi mu Rwanda.

Ay’ingenzi muri ayo mashayaka ni aya akurikira:

UNAR: (Union Nationale Rwandaise). Iri ishyaka ryashyizweho n’Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa ku itariki 03 Nzeri 1958, muri rusange ryaharaniraga ubwigenge n’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda kuko ritemeraga ko mu Rwanda hari amoko cyangwa ko hari ibibazo byaterwaga nayo.

Ntibyateye kabiri ariko, amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko yaje gukongezwa n’Abakoloni, biza gukurikirwa n’ubwicanyi, ubuhunzi no kubuzwa amahoro kw’igice kimwe cy’Abanyarwanda (Abatutsi), abasaga ibihumbi 500 bahungira mu bihugu by’ibituranyi, abasigaye bakomeza kuvutswa uburenganzira bwabo kugeza ku ndunduro ya Jenoside yo mu 1994.

PARMEHUTU: (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu). Iri ni ishyaka ryasimbuye ishyirahamwe ryitwaga “Mouvement Social Muhutu” ryasheshwe mu 1957 i Gitarama.
Nk’uko byumvikana mu mpine yaryo, PARMEHUTU ni ishyaka ryashinzwe n’Abahutu bize biganjemo abakomoka i Gitarama, barimo Grégoire Kayibanda wabaye perezida wa mbere w’u Rwanda mu 1962 na Dominique Mbonyumutwa wabaye perezida w’inzibacyuho mu 1961.

Iri shayaka ryari rifite abayoboke benshi mu gihugu. Intego yaryo kwari ukuvuganira Abahutu kuko ryemezaga ko bari barakandamijwe n’ingoma ya Cyami n’ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni.

Ibibazo PARMEHUTU yavugaga ko biri mu Rwanda, yabitangarije abakoloni b’Ababiligi mu nyandiko bise ‘Manifeste des Bahutu’ mu 1957 abakoloni nabo babisamira hejuru, ni ko kwiyemeza gufasha PARMEHUTU guhirika ingoma y’Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, ari naho haturutse icyo bise impinduramatwara yo mu 1959.

Ubwicanyi bwakurikiye iyo ngirwa-mpinduramatwara mu 1962, bwatewe n’ikinyoma cyakwirakwijwe na PARMEHURU yabeshye ko umurwanashyaka wayo, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, nk’umukuru w’igihugu w’inzibacyuho (Mutarama – Ukwakira 1961) ngo yakubiswe urushyi n’abasore b’Abatutsi batashakaga ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika.

Kwica Abatutsi bikomeza gufata intera, ndetse bishyirwa ku mugaragaro, benshi bahunga igihugu, abasigaye bakomeza gutotezwa, kuvutswa uburenganzira no kwicwa urusorongo, guhera mu 59, ku butegetsi bwa Grégoire Kayibanda (1962-1973) kugeza ku bwa Juvénal Habyarimana (Nyakanga 1973 – Mata 1994).

RADER: (Rassemblement Démocratique Rwandais). Iri ni ishyaka ryabarizwagamo Abatutsi batavugaga rumwe na UNAR y’Umwami Mutara, kuko ryo ryemeraga ko hari ikibazo hagati y’amoko mu Rwanda.

Ishyaka RADER naryo ryashinzwe mu 1958, ryifuzaga ko umutungo ushingiye ku masambu wasaranganywa Abanyarwanda, ibikingi bigasaranganywa Abanyarwanda bose, ariko naryo ryaje gucika intege kuko ryasaga n’iryafashe impu zombi (UNAR na PARMEHUTU) hakiyongeraho ibibazo by’amacakubiri yari ashingiye ku moko kandi naryo ryari rigizwe n’ibice bibiri, birangira risenyutse burundu.

APROSOMA: (Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse). Iri shyaka ryavugaga ko riharanira uburenganzira bw’Abanyarwanda bose bakandamijwe n’ubutegetsi hatitawe ku moko.

Hagati aho ariko uwarishinze ari we Joseph Habyarimana Gitera, we yavugaga ko Abahutu ari bo basigajwe inyuma kurusha abandi, nyuma biza kugarahara ko na APROSOMA yari ifite ibyo ihurizaho na PARMEHUTU ya Kayibanda birangira naryo risenyukiye muri PARMEHUTU yaje guhinduka MDR-PARMEHUTU.

Andi mashyaka ya mbere y’ubwigenge

N’ubwo amashyaka y’ingenzi yabayeho mbere y’ubwigenge ari UNAR, PARMEHUTU, RADER na APROSOMA, hari n’andi mashyaka ya politike yari ahari.

Muri yo twavuga nka UNINTERCOKI (Union Intercommunale de Kinyaga, PPG (Parti Politique du Gisaka), PARMEHUTU Gisaka (ishami rya PARMEHUTU ya Kayibanda), MOMOR (Mouvement Monarchique Rwandais, ishami rya UNAR), AREDETWA (Association pour le Relèvement Démocratique des Twa), APEDEC ry’i Nyanza, na Le Concordia.

Iseswa ry’amashyaka nyuma y’ubwigenge

Mu 1965, amashyaka yose yavuyeho hasigara rimwe rukumbi baryita MDR-PARMEHUTU riza rishimangira amatwara ya PARMEHUTU nk’umubyeyi waryo, ndetse rikomeza kuyobora igihugu kugeza mu 1973 ari bwo Juvénal Habyarimana n’ishyaka rye MRND (Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement) bahirikaga ubutegetsi bwa Kayibanda.

Nubwo MRND yahiritse MDR-PARMEHUTU, yakomeje kugendera ku ngengabitekerezo yayo y’ivanguramoko, ndetse MRND irenzaho n’irondakarere, Abatutsi bakomeza kubuzwa epfo na ruguru, baricwa, kugeza kuri Jenoside yo mu 1994.

Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kugira ngo ishoboke, MRND yakomereje aho mubyara wayo MDR-PARMEHUTU yari igejeje mu 1972 yigisha Abahutu kwanga Abatutsi, ari nabyo byatumye andi mashyaka yari yaravutse mu 1991 (by’umwihariko PL na PSD, n’irya MDR ryari ryarivuguruye), acikamo ibice agendeye ku moko.

Nyuma haje kwaduka icyo bise ‘Hutu Power’ mu 1993, cyari kigamije gushishikariza Abahutu bose aho bava bakagera kwishyira hamwe bagatsemba Abatutsi, bitwaje ko bene wabo bari barahunze igihugu mu 1959 ari bo bashyizeho Umuryango FPR Inkotanyi mu 1987 bagatangiza urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu mu 1990.

Nyuma yo guhagarika Jenoside muri Nyakanga 1994, Umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi wakuyeho indangamuntu yari yanditsemo ubwoko, ushyiraho guverinoma y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, ndetse wugurura amarembo ku bifuzaga kwifatanya nawo mu rugendo rwo gusana igihugu.

Kugeza ubu imitwe ya politike yemewe mu Rwanda ni FPR-Inkotanyi, PSD : Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi n’Imibereho myiza y’abaturage, PSP : Ishyaka riharanira Ubufatanye n’Iterambere, (PL) Ishyaka Riharanira Ukwishyira Ukizana kwa buri muntu, PPC : Ishyaka ry’Iterambere n’Ubusabane.

Hari na PS Imberakuri, UDPR : Ishyaka riharanira Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, PDC : Ishyaka riharanira Demokarasi ihuza Abanyarwanda, DGPR : Ishyaka riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije mu Rwanda rizwi nka Green Party, PDI : Ishyaka Ntangarugero muri Demokarasi, na PSR : Ishyaka rya Gisosiyarisiti Rirengera Abakozi mu Rwanda.

Ishyaka MDR ryo ryaje guseswa burundu mu 2003, kubera umurage mubi w’amacakubiri n’ivangura byari byarongeye gutizwa umurindi n’uwari uriyoboye (Faustin Twagiramungu), mu gihe MRND n’umwana wayo CDR byateguye bikanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside, byajyanye na banyirabyo u Rwanda rumaze kubohorwa mu 1994, nyuma bakaza kwihuriza hamwe mu cyo bise FDLR.

FDLR ni umutwe w’intagondwa z’Abahutu biganjemo abakoze Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, bafite indiri muri Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Congo (RDC) aho bamaze imyaka isaga 30 bagerageza gutera u Rwanda ngo bakureho ubuyobozi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi.

Mu Kuboza 2001, guverinoma ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yashyize ku rutonde rw’imtwe y’iterabwoba hashingiwe ku Iteka rigenga Gukunda igihugu (Patriot Act), nyuma y’uko inyeshyamba za FDLR (Interahamwe na Ex-far) zishe abakerarugendo umunani barimo Abanyamerika babiri muri parike ya Bwindi, Uganda, abandi zikabafata ku ngufu.

Mu minsi ishize perezida wa RDC Félix Tshisekedi na mugenzi we w’u Burundi Evariste Ndayishimiye bemeje ku mugaragaro ko bashyigikiye ndetse biteguye kugira uruhare mu mugambi wo gutera u Rwanda. Perezida w’u Rwanda Kagame Paul, nawe ntiyazuyaje mu basubiza mu bihe bitandukanye, ababwira ko bamutindiye ubundi akabereka ko u Rwanda rudaterwa.

Ubwo yari ari mu karere ka Nyamasheke muri Kamena 2024 muri gahunda yo kuganira n’Abanyarwanda mu bihe byo kwiyamamaza, Kagame Paul yaragize ati:
“Narababwiye ngo u Rwanda kubera ko ari ruto, ntabwo tuzategereza udutera adusanga hano. Kuko twaba tugiye kurwanira iwacu, tukahangiza. Oya, tuzabasanga aho igihugu ari kinini. Ubuto bwacu turaburinda noneho tukajya mu binini, tukabirangirizayo. “

ivomo (Source): ‘Le Catholicisme et la Société Rwandaise : 1900-1962’, igitabo cyanditswe na Justin KALIBWAMI.